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Tables Extracted from Python Built-ins and Standard Library Documentation

Table 10.1: Operations on Bytes and Bytearrays

Operation Description
s + t Concatenates if t is bytes.
s * n Replicates if n is an integer.
s % x Formats bytes. x is tuple.
s[i] Returns element i as an integer.
s[i:j] Returns a slice.
s[i:j:stride] Returns an extended slice.
len(s) Number of bytes in s.
s.capitalize() Capitalizes the first character.
s.center(width [, pad]) Centers the string in a field of length width.
s.count(sub [, start [, end]]) Counts occurrences of the specified substring sub.
s.decode([encoding [, errors]]) Decodes a byte string into text (bytes type only).
s.endswith(suffix [, start [, end]]) Checks the end of the string for a suffix.
s.expandtabs([tabsize]) Replaces tabs with spaces.
s.find(sub [, start [, end]]) Finds the first occurrence of sub.
s.hex() Converts to a hexadecimal string.
s.index(sub [, start [, end]]) Finds the first occurrence or error of sub.
s.isalnum() Checks if all characters are alphanumeric.
s.isalpha() Checks if all characters are alphabetic.
s.isascii() Checks if all characters are ASCII.
s.isdigit() Checks if all characters are digits.
s.islower() Checks if all characters are lowercase.
s.isspace() Checks if all characters are whitespace.
s.istitle() Checks if the string is title-cased.
s.isupper() Checks if all characters are uppercase.
s.join(t) Joins a sequence of strings t using delimiter s.
s.ljust(width [, fill]) Left-aligns s in field of width.
s.lower() Converts to lowercase.
s.lstrip([chrs]) Removes leading whitespace or specified characters.
s.maketrans(x [, y [, z]]) Makes translation table for s.translate().
s.partition(sep) Partitions based on sep; returns tuple (head, sep, tail).
s.removeprefix(prefix) Removes prefix if present.
s.removesuffix(suffix) Removes suffix if present.
s.replace(old, new [, maxreplace]) Replaces substring occurrences.
s.rfind(sub [, start [, end]]) Finds last occurrence of sub.
s.rindex(sub [, start [, end]]) Last occurrence or raises error.
s.rjust(width [, fill]) Right-aligns s in field of width.
s.rpartition(sep) Partitions s from the end based on sep.
s.rsplit([sep [, maxsplit]]) Splits string from right with delimiter sep.
s.rstrip([chrs]) Removes trailing whitespace or specified characters.
s.split([sep [, maxsplit]]) Splits string using delimiter sep.
s.splitlines([keepends]) Splits string into list of lines.
s.startswith(prefix [, start [, end]]) Checks if string starts with prefix.
s.strip([chrs]) Removes leading and trailing whitespace/characters.
s.swapcase() Swaps case of characters in string.
s.title() Returns title-cased version of string.
s.translate(table [, deletechars]) Translates string using table, removing deletechars.
s.upper() Converts string to uppercase.
s.zfill(width) Pads string on left with zeros up to width.

Table 10.2: Additional Operations on Byte Arrays

Operation Description
s[i] = v Item assignment.
s[i:j] = t Slice assignment.
s[i:j:stride] = t Extended slice assignment.
del s[i] Item deletion.
del s[i:j] Slice deletion.
del s[i:j:stride] Extended slice deletion.
s.append(x) Appends a new byte to the end.
s.clear() Clears the byte array.
s.copy() Makes a copy.
s.extend(t) Extends s with bytes from t.
s.insert(n, x) Inserts byte x at index n.
s.pop([n]) Removes and returns byte at index n.
s.remove(x) Removes first occurrence of byte x.
s.reverse() Reverses the byte array in-place.

Table 10.4: Operations on Dictionaries

Operation Description
m | n Merges dictionaries m and n.
len(m) Returns the number of items in m.
m[k] Returns the item of m with key k.
m[k] = x Sets item k in m to x.
del m[k] Removes key k and its value from m.
k in m Checks if k is a key in m.
m.clear() Removes all items from m.
m.copy() Makes a shallow copy of m.
m.fromkeys(s [, value]) Creates new dict with keys from s, all values set to value.
m.get(k [, v]) Returns m[k] if exists; otherwise returns v.
m.items() Returns an iterable of (key, value) pairs in m.
m.keys() Returns an iterable of keys in m.
m.pop(k [, default]) Removes key k and returns its value, or default.
m.popitem() Removes and returns an arbitrary (key, value) pair.
m.setdefault(k [, v]) Returns m[k] if exists; otherwise sets m[k] = v and returns v.
m.update(b) Updates m with key/value pairs from mapping b.
m.values() Returns an iterable of values in m.

Table 10.8: Set Operations and Methods

Operation Description
s | t Union of sets s and t.
s & t Intersection of s and t.
s - t Difference of s and t.
s ^ t Symmetric difference of s and t.
len(s) Number of items in set s.
s.add(item) Adds item to set s.
s.clear() Removes all items from s.
s.copy() Returns a shallow copy of s.
s.difference(t) Items in s not in t.
s.difference_update(t) Removes items in both s and t from s.
s.discard(item) Removes item from s if present.
s.intersection(t) Items common to s and t.
s.intersection_update(t) Updates s with items common to s and t.
s.isdisjoint(t) True if s and t share no items.
s.issubset(t) True if all items of s are in t.
s.issuperset(t) True if all items of t are in s.
s.pop() Removes and returns an arbitrary item from s.
s.remove(item) Removes item from s or raises KeyError.
s.symmetric_difference(t) Items in either s or t but not both.
s.symmetric_difference_update(t) Updates s to symmetric difference of s and t.
s.union(t) Returns union of s and t.
s.update(t) Adds items from t to s.

Table 10.9: String Operators and Methods

Operation Description
s + t Concatenates s and t if t is a string.
s * n Replicates string s n times.
s % x Formats string using tuple x.
s[i] Returns character at index i.
s[i:j] Returns substring from index i to j.
s[i:j:stride] Returns substring with steps.
len(s) Returns length of string s.
s.capitalize() Capitalizes first character of s.
s.casefold() Returns caseless version of s for comparisons.
s.center(width [, pad]) Centers s in field of width, padded by pad.
s.count(sub [, start [, end]]) Counts occurrences of substring sub.
s.decode([encoding [, errors]]) Decodes byte string into text (for bytes).
s.encode([encoding [, errors]]) Encodes string using specified encoding.
s.endswith(suffix [, start [, end]]) Checks if s ends with suffix.
s.expandtabs([tabsize]) Replaces tabs in s with spaces.
s.find(sub [, start [, end]]) Finds first index of sub in s.
s.format(args, *kwargs) Formats string using positional and keyword arguments.
s.format_map(m) Formats string using mapping m.
s.index(sub [, start [, end]]) Like find() but raises error if not found.
s.isalnum() Checks if all characters in s are alphanumeric.
s.isalpha() Checks if all characters in s are alphabetic.
s.isascii() Checks if all characters in s are ASCII.
s.isdecimal() Checks if all characters in s are decimal characters.
s.isdigit() Checks if all characters in s are digits.
s.isidentifier() Checks if s is a valid identifier.
s.islower() Checks if all characters in s are lowercase.
s.isnumeric() Checks if all characters in s are numeric.
s.isprintable() Checks if all characters in s are printable.
s.isspace() Checks if all characters in s are whitespace.
s.istitle() Checks if s is title-cased.
s.isupper() Checks if all characters in s are uppercase.
s.join(t) Joins sequence t with delimiter s.
s.ljust(width [, fill]) Left-justifies s in field of width width.
s.lower() Converts s to lowercase.
s.lstrip([chrs]) Removes leading characters specified in chrs from s.
s.maketrans(x [, y [, z]]) Creates a translation table for substitutions.
s.partition(sep) Splits s into tuple (head, sep, tail) at first occurrence of sep.
s.removeprefix(prefix) Removes prefix prefix from s if present.
s.removesuffix(suffix) Removes suffix suffix from s if present.
s.replace(old, new [, maxreplace]) Replaces occurrences of old with new in s.
s.rfind(sub [, start [, end]]) Finds last index of sub in s.
s.rindex(sub [, start [, end]]) Like rfind() but raises error if not found.
s.rjust(width [, fill]) Right-justifies s in field of width width.
s.rpartition(sep) Splits s into tuple (head, sep, tail) at last occurrence of sep.
s.rsplit([sep [, maxsplit]]) Splits s from right using separator sep.
s.rstrip([chrs]) Removes trailing characters specified in chrs from s.
s.split([sep [, maxsplit]]) Splits s using separator sep.
s.splitlines([keepends]) Splits s into list of lines.
s.startswith(prefix [, start [, end]]) Checks if s starts with prefix.
s.strip([chrs]) Removes leading and trailing characters chrs from s.
s.swapcase() Swaps case of letters in s.
s.title() Converts s to title case.
s.translate(table [, deletechars]) Translates characters in s using table.
s.upper() Converts s to uppercase.
s.zfill(width) Pads s on left with zeros to fill width.

Table 10.10: Tuple Operators and Methods

Operation Description
s + t Concatenates tuples if t is a tuple.
s * n Replicates tuple s n times.
s[i] Returns element at index i of tuple s.
s[i:j] Returns a slice of tuple s from index i to j.
s[i:j:stride] Returns an extended slice of tuple s.
len(s) Number of elements in tuple s.
s.count(x) Counts occurrences of element x in tuple s.
s.index(x [, start [, stop]]) Returns first index of x in s (optionally within [start, stop]).

Additional Built-in Python Libraries and Their Usage

The Python Standard Library offers a wealth of modules beyond built-in types and functions. Here is a brief table summarizing additional useful libraries, along with a short description of their usage:

Module Description Common Usage Examples
collections Specialized container datatypes deque, Counter, defaultdict, OrderedDict
datetime Basic date and time types Creating date/time objects, arithmetic on dates
itertools Functions creating iterators for efficient looping chain, cycle, product, permutations, combinations
inspect Inspect live objects Getting function signatures, source code introspection
math Mathematical functions sqrt, sin, cos, constants like pi, e
os Miscellaneous operating system interfaces File/directory operations, environment variables
random Generate pseudo-random numbers random(), randint(), shuffling sequences
re Regular expressions Pattern matching, search and replace text
shutil High-level file operations Copying files/dirs, archiving directories
statistics Mathematical statistics functions mean, median, stdev
sys System-specific parameters and functions Command-line arguments (sys.argv), exit codes, stderr
time Time access and conversions sleep(), time(), performance counters
turtle Turtle graphics for simple drawing Educational graphics programming
unittest Unit testing framework Writing and running tests, test discovery

These modules extend Python's capabilities and are essential tools for many programming tasks.

Comprehensive Tables for Python Standard Library Modules

Below are refined tables for several Python standard library modules, summarizing their primary classes, functions, and methods. For exhaustive details, refer to the official Python documentation for each module.

collections Module: Main Classes and Methods

Class/Function Description Key Methods/Attributes
deque Double-ended queue append(), appendleft(), pop(), popleft(), extend(), extendleft(), rotate(), clear(), index(), insert(), remove()
Counter Counts hashable objects elements(), most_common(), subtract(), update()
defaultdict Dict with default values Inherits dict methods; uses a factory function for missing keys
OrderedDict Dict with order memory All dict methods, plus move_to_end(), popitem(last=True)

datetime Module: Key Classes and Methods

Class Description Key Methods/Attributes
date Represents a date (year, month, day) today(), fromtimestamp(), isoformat(), weekday(), strftime()
time Represents a time isoformat(), strftime(), comparison operators
datetime Combines date and time now(), utcnow(), fromtimestamp(), combine(), strftime(), date(), time(), arithmetic
timedelta Duration between dates/times Attributes: days, seconds, microseconds; supports arithmetic operations

itertools Module: Main Functions

Function Description Example Usage
chain(*iterables) Concatenates multiple iterables chain([1,2], [3,4]) -> 1,2,3,4
cycle(iterable) Repeats an iterable indefinitely cycle('AB') -> A, B, A, B, ...
product(*iterables, repeat=1) Cartesian product of iterables product([1,2], repeat=2) -> (1,1), (1,2)...
permutations(iterable, r=None) All possible orderings of length r permutations([1,2,3], 2)
combinations(iterable, r) All possible r-length combinations combinations('ABCD', 2)
combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r) Combinations with replacement combinations_with_replacement('AB', 2)

inspect Module: Main Functions

Function Description
getmembers(object, predicate=None) Returns all members of an object, optionally filtered.
signature(callable) Returns a Signature object for the callable.
ismodule(obj), isfunction(obj), isclass(obj) Checks object type.
getsource(object) Returns the source code of the object.
getdoc(object) Returns the documentation string for the object.

math Module: Key Functions and Constants

Function/Constant Description
sqrt(x) Square root of x.
sin(x), cos(x), tan(x) Trigonometric functions.
log(x[, base]) Logarithm of x with specified base.
exp(x) Exponential of x.
pi, e Mathematical constants π and e.
floor(x), ceil(x) Floor and ceiling functions.
gcd(a, b) Greatest common divisor of a and b.

os Module: Common Functions

Function Description
os.listdir(path) Lists entries in directory path.
os.path.join(a, b) Joins one or more path components.
os.getcwd() Returns current working directory.
os.chdir(path) Changes current working directory to path.
os.mkdir(path) Creates a new directory named path.
os.remove(path) Removes (deletes) the file path.
os.rename(src, dst) Renames file or directory from src to dst.
os.environ Mapping of environment variables.

ipaddress Module: Main Classes and Methods

Class Description Key Methods/Attributes
IPv4Address(address) Represents an IPv4 address packed, exploded, compressed, is_private, is_global
IPv6Address(address) Represents an IPv6 address packed, exploded, compressed, is_private, is_link_local
IPv4Network(network) Represents an IPv4 network hosts(), network_address, broadcast_address, with_prefixlen
IPv6Network(network) Represents an IPv6 network Similar to IPv4Network methods
ip_address(address) Factory for IP address objects Returns IPv4Address or IPv6Address based on input
ip_network(address, strict=True) Creates IP network object Accepts CIDR notation; returns appropriate network object

pathlib Module: Main Classes and Methods

Class Description Key Methods/Attributes
Path Represents filesystem paths cwd(), home(), exists(), iterdir(), mkdir(), open(), read_text(), write_text(), rglob(), joinpath()

socket Module: Key Classes and Methods

Class/Function Description
socket.socket(family, type) Creates a new socket using specified address family and socket type.
socket.connect(address) Connects the socket to a remote address.
socket.bind(address) Binds the socket to a local address.
socket.listen(backlog) Enables a server to accept connections.
socket.accept() Accepts a connection, returning a new socket and address pair.
socket.send(bytes) Sends data to the connected remote socket.
socket.recv(bufsize) Receives data from the socket.
socket.close() Closes the socket.

threading Module: Key Classes and Methods

Class/Function Description
threading.Thread(target, args) Creates a new thread to run a target function with arguments.
thread.start() Starts thread execution.
thread.join(timeout=None) Waits for thread to finish, with optional timeout.
threading.Lock() Creates a lock object for thread synchronization.
lock.acquire(blocking=True) Acquires the lock.
lock.release() Releases the lock.
threading.Event() Creates an event object for thread communication.
event.set() Sets the event flag.
event.clear() Clears the event flag.
event.wait(timeout=None) Waits until the event is set or a timeout occurs.
threading.Semaphore(value=1) Creates a semaphore to control access to a resource.

multiprocessing Module: Key Classes and Methods

Class/Function Description
multiprocessing.Process(target, args) Creates a new process to run a target function with arguments.
process.start() Starts process execution.
process.join(timeout=None) Waits for the process to complete, with optional timeout.
multiprocessing.Lock() Creates a lock object for process synchronization.
multiprocessing.Queue() Creates a queue for inter-process communication.
queue.put(item) Puts an item into the queue.
queue.get() Retrieves an item from the queue.
multiprocessing.Pool(processes) Manages a pool of worker processes.
pool.map(func, iterable) Applies a function to items in an iterable across processes.

asyncio Module: Key Functions and Classes

Class/Function Description
asyncio.run(main()) Runs an async main function, managing the event loop lifecycle.
asyncio.create_task(coro) Schedules the execution of a coroutine as a task.
await asyncio.sleep(seconds) Asynchronously waits for a specified time without blocking the event loop.
asyncio.gather(*coros) Runs multiple coroutines concurrently and aggregates results.
asyncio.Event() Creates an event for asyncio tasks communication.
asyncio.Lock() Creates an asynchronous lock for coroutine synchronization.
asyncio.Queue() Creates an asynchronous queue for inter-task communication.
asyncio.open_connection(host, port) Opens a network connection, returning reader and writer streams.

Note: These tables present key aspects and methods of each module. Each module offers many more features and functions. For comprehensive details, consult the official Python documentation.